Mixed Methods Research Plan

Pedagogical Friction
in the Age of Generative AI

A qualitative-dominant convergent mixed methods study grounded in constructivist qualitative inquiry, examining how educators, school-system leaders, and adult university students make sense of pedagogical friction under conditions of generative AI.

Proposal defense passed August 13, 2026. Interview-question wording is being revised for committee review, followed by a planned three-educator flow rehearsal and an update to the IRB materials. IRB approval and formal study activity remain pending.

Explore the Study

Study Overview

The Purpose

To investigate how K-12 educators, administrators, and system-level leaders understand, navigate, and respond to the friction-reducing affordances of generative AI in academic work.

The Stance

Grounded in a constructivist qualitative inquiry, the study treats meaning as situated and co-constructed. The framework is a sensitizing and revisable lens, not a set of categories participants must confirm.

Primary Research Questions

RQ1

How do classroom-facing educators, building-level administrators, district or system-level leaders, and adult university students make sense of the ways generative AI changes the effort, dialogue, authorship, judgment, and participation involved in teaching and learning?

RQ2

How do educators and school-system leaders make sense of and respond to the policy, professional-learning, assessment, access, and governance conditions surrounding generative AI?

RQ3

What language, assessment expectations, instructional practices, professional supports, and leadership approaches do educators and school-system leaders identify as important for preserving forms of friction that support learning while reducing unnecessary barriers?

The Evolution of Media Ecology

Extending Walter Ong's framework to account for generative artificial intelligence.

01

Primary Orality

Memory-based, communal, and situational. Knowledge is preserved through repetition and mnemonic devices.

02

Literacy

Writing externalizes memory, enabling analytical detachment, individual authorship, and abstract reasoning.

03

Secondary Orality

Electronic broadcast media retrieve communal qualities, but operate through one-to-many literate infrastructure.

Proposed Extension
04

Algorithmic Secondary Orality

Social media platforms where humans create symbolic content, but opaque algorithms determine distribution and curation.

Categorical Rupture
05

Tertiary Algorithmicity

Algorithmic systems both curate and generate symbolic content, rendering human authorship optional at scale.

Tertiary Algorithmicity

Three defining pressures that threaten the cognitive, dialogic, and authorial processes education depends on.

Noetic Displacement

The work of synthesizing, interpreting, and making meaning can be offloaded to the system rather than occurring in the learner's mind.

Rhetorical Saturation

Communicative environments flood with synthetic discourse. The origin of content becomes uncertain, and simulated interlocutors can replace genuine contestation.

Existential Abstraction

Symbolic production can be severed from lived experience, personal commitment, intellectual risk, and accountability for claims.

The Threat: Unproductive Success

When generative AI bypasses these processes, students can produce fluent and correct-looking work without engaging in the schema construction required for durable understanding. The artifact of learning is visible, but the learning process is uncertain.

The Pedagogical Friction Framework

Three learner-facing dimensions of productive resistance rest on an infrastructural layer that enables or constrains them.

Noetic Friction

Cognitive struggle. The learner-facing resistance encountered when wrestling with complex ideas, synthesizing information, and revising understanding.

Rhetorical Friction

Engagement with real audiences. The learner-facing struggle of translating internal thought into claims that can be questioned, revised, and defended.

Existential Friction

Intellectual ownership. The learner-facing personal stake and authorial accountability that connect the learner to the work produced.

Infrastructural Friction

The institutional environment is not a neutral backdrop. Its policy, assessment, leadership, professional-learning, and governance conditions actively constrain or enable whether the other three dimensions can be sustained.

Constructivist Mixed Methods Design

A qualitative-dominant convergent mixed methods design grounded in constructivism and organized around participant sensemaking.

Methodological Alignment Studio

The dissertation's controlling methods language is constructivist and qualitative. Interviews and other open-ended evidence form the core, while closed-ended survey items and national datasets provide supporting context. Adult university students are participants. AI-generated texts and agentic artifacts remain a distinct nonparticipant evidence source that retains at least one bounded, prespecified agentic-artifact task.

Open the Methodology Studio Memoing & AI-use protocol See how the literature review leads here

Phase 1: Concurrent Data Collection

Interviews with classroom-facing educators, building-level administrators, district or system-level leaders, and adult university students; card-sort and document protocols; educator survey data; and secondary data compilation.

Phase 2: Independent Analysis

Thematic qualitative analysis through the Pedagogical Friction lens, with descriptive analysis, disaggregation, and cautious cross-tabulation of quantitative data.

Phase 3: Integration

Joint displays compare qualitative themes with quantitative patterns and document convergence, expansion, divergence, or silence across educator sensemaking, institutional conditions, learner retrospection, and structural indicators.

Distinct AI and Agentic-Artifact Comparison

Selected prompts are administered as a distinct nonparticipant comparison source, including at least one bounded, prespecified agentic-artifact task. Systems, task count, or repeated runs may be scaled, but the agentic component remains. The artifacts are analyzed within the study but never treated as evidence about human experience or sensemaking.

Evidence Hierarchy

The study is not built around matched pairs. It uses a clear evidence hierarchy that protects the qualitative core while preserving the supporting role of quantitative context.

The Qualitative Core

K-12 Educators and Leaders

Classroom-facing educators, building-level administrators, and district or system-level leaders describe professional judgment, policy conditions, assessment decisions, and friction-preserving practice.

  • Addresses RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3.
  • Provides the qualitative core of the inquiry.
  • Supports comparison across role vantage points.

Additional Evidence

Participant, Supporting, and Nonparticipant Sources

Adult university students contribute participant accounts. Closed-ended survey items and NCES/RAND indicators provide quantitative context. AI-generated texts and agentic artifacts provide a distinct nonparticipant comparison.

  • Adult university students provide a participant perspective on teaching and learning.
  • Survey and secondary data provide descriptive and structural context.
  • AI-generated texts remain distinct from participant evidence.

Distinct AI and Agentic Artifact Comparison

A distinct nonparticipant comparison that retains a bounded agentic-artifact task and remains open to evidence that challenges the framework.

artifact-comparison.sh
$ run comparison --status="distinct" --source="nonparticipant"
Comparing participant protocols with AI-generated texts and a bounded agentic artifact under a separate analytic status...

INDICATOR 1: Experiential specificity
HUMAN DATA: Situated reasoning from educators and leaders.
AI ARTIFACT: Synthetic discourse for a distinct comparison only.

STATUS: Distinct nonparticipant evidence within the study.
The comparison reports counterexamples, including displays of situated judgment, calibrated uncertainty, institutional memory, or productive counter-friction.
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Companion Ecosystem

A digital resource hub expanding on the qualifying paper and dissertation proposal.